Individuality Vs. Conformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible

The Crucible American playwright, Arthur Miller, in his play The Crucible, implies that witch hunts still exist in American society. Miller supports this claim by drawing parallels between the Salem Witch Trials and the Senator Joseph Mccarthy Trials. His purpose is to warn his readers of the dangers of mass hysteria. He uses emotional appeals and logic to convince the reader that mass â€Å"hunts† are still a danger to Americans today. The central way, however, that Miller achieves his topmost goal of displaying the hazards of Individuality vs. Ideology is through the expressive characterization of Reverend John Hale. John hale is an example of outward conformity because he believes in the devil in the beginning, he sees that the girls are†¦show more content†¦Reverend Hale believes in his second thoughts of the devil not being such a thing, and sees that Abigail has been setting this all up and framing John Proctor to have his love. Pointing at Abigail, Hale says, à ¢â‚¬Å"I believe him!...This girl has always struck me false!...†(Act III, 50) After Abigail over-exaggerates and makes the girls believe the devil is in their presence, and the people of the court believe them, Reverend Hale walks out in frustration. People of the court and town don’t know what else to believe because they always thought the girls were saying the truth about what they saw. Hale begins to see that a lot of people in the town of Salem, are corrupted in result of the witchcraft trials. When John Hale notices the accused people of the town who tell the truth are being threatened and killed he begins to encourage the indicted ones to lie. For example, Rebecca Nurse, one of the most honored people in the town of Salem, was arraigned of witchcraft and told the truth but was still executed. On the other hand, people who didn’t actually do anything and said that they did do witchcraft when accused just had to ask for forgiveness from god and were able to continue on to their lives. In result of this, John Hale seeks to get people such as John Proctor to lie and confess even if they didn’t do anything. He tries to convince Proctor to confess so he can continue his life with his loving wife and children. To

Israel-Palestine - 3340 Words

Israel-Palestine Introduction In the absence of peace, there is conflict. This might lead to war between countries if conflict is not handled carefully. Today it is almost a norm to see countries engaging others in war. Today the greatest problem facing many nations is international relation. Countries have failed to live like decent neighbors. There is disunity among many nations. War between nations is caused by mistrust and tension. Nations purchase arms to stock their armory. Major inventions are made daily in out on nuclear power and how to develop sophiscated weapons. This tries to explain the fact that countries are always in mistrust of each other. It also explains that there is constant tension between countries that one†¦show more content†¦As times progressed there was an uprising in Lebanon as the Palestinian opposed Israel rule, In 1978 Palestine attacked Hezbollah. Israel felt invaded and led an offensive attack o Lebanon. Israel attacked Lebanon and went as far as capturing Beirut. The pri me target was to bomb Yasser Arafat locations. During this invasion, Israel declared southern Lebanon as a security zone. During these attacks, there were deaths on both sides. The greatest casualties were the children. Israel came to withdraw its security forces from southern Lebanon in May 2000. Another serious crisis came to be in 1980s. This was the intifada. A group of young Palestinians confronted Israeli troops with sling shots and stones. The outcome was not acceptable and many of the youth were shot dead. To lay an offensive attack, the Palestinians used suicide bombers to kill the Israeli troops. Many innocent civilians were killed from both sides. In 1993 the Oslo peace accord was made. In this accord Israel accepted to recognize the Palestinian liberal organisation (PLO). They were also to give the PLO limited autonomy. The conditions were that PLO were to end a Palestinian claims on Israel territory. The accord was met with different reaction across the world. It was seen as a one sided accord which favored only the Israelites. The accord gave Israel the control of land, water, roads and other resources. This accord was seen as onlyShow MoreRelatedIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1303 Words   |  6 Pagesborders between Palestine and Israel have been unfair. The Israeli people have taken a majority of the Palestinians land. This had caused conflict between these two territories for years. The Israel and Palestine conflict has been going on for many decades and nothing seems to be able to solve this issue. All because the Israeli government is very stubborn. They are not willing to make a compromise in this situation. 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Israel has committed many human rights violations, including killings, beatings, torture, and shootings at unarmed civilians; this includes children. Palestinians have no state or army, but only weapons such as bombs, knives, rocks, and many youths who areRead MoreCBA: Israel-Palestine Conflict 688 Words   |  3 PagesThe most essential reasons behind the Israel-Palestine conflict were geocultural factors. These factors contributed greatly to the contentious argument between both groups because with the geocultural perspective, the religious tensions between Muslims and Jews have resulted in the problematic issue over the holy structures in Jerusalem. The second most contributing factors in the Israel-Palestine conflict were psychological factors. These were the second greatest factors that started the disputeRead MoreEssay Israel and Palestine740 Words   |  3 Pages The Issue Of Israel and Palestinenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1993, in Oslo, Norway a historic peace agreement was secretly drawn up with the hopes of bringing all the violence between the Palestinians and the Israelis to an end. Yasser Arafat, the chairman of the PLO, and Yitzhak Rabin who was prime minister of Israel at the time shook hands at the White House in front of President Bill Clinton to finalize the accords. This was the first step towards peace inRead More Palestine and Israel Essay2458 Words   |  10 PagesPalestine and Israel Our views of world conflicts such as war are influenced by the part of the world in which we live. When exploring media coverage of discord, it is important to think about where the author is from and how it has influenced the way he/she has portrayed disharmony. Reports on a world conflict can express extremely different views depending on the social values and understandings of the writers. One must read articles that address the issue of war with cultural relativismRead MoreConflict Between Palestine And Israel1747 Words   |  7 PagesDemolitions, since 1967, Israel has demolished more than 26,000 Palestinian-owned structures in the occupied Palestinian territory.† Additionally, between 1967 and 2011 over 14,000 Palestinians had their residency rights in Jerusalem revoked and have thus permanently lost their right to live in or even visit the city of their birth.† The disruption of life â€Å"as normal† has a drastic influence the cultural underpinnings o f the nation. Very different from their former life, Israel now has legal control

Enthalpy Lab Free Essays

LAB OF ENTHALPY CHANGE IN COMBUSTION Objective: Determine the Enthalpy change of combustion ? Hc of three different alcohols. Methanol, Ethanol and Isopropilic acid. Procedure: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Enthalpy Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fill the spirit micro burner with Ethanol and weight it 2. Pour 100 cm3 of water into the aluminum cup 3. Arrange the cup a short distance over the micro burner 4. Measure the temperature of water 5. When the temperature of the water has risen by 10 °C, record the temperature. 6. Reweight the microburner. Record 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 but now with Methanol 8. Repeat step 1 to 6 with Isopropilic acid. Data and Processing Alcohols | Initial mass of microburner fill with alcohol (g) ± 0. 01| Final mass of microburner fill with alcohol (g) ± 0. 01| Initial temperature of water( °C) ± 0. 1| Final temperature of water( °C) ± 0. 1| Volume of water in metallic calorimeter (cm3)  ±0. 5| Ethanol | 5. 38| 5. 08| 23. 0| 33. 0| 100. 0| Methanol | 5. 33| 4. 94| 24. 0| 34. 0| 100. 0| Isopropolic acid | 5. 45| 5. 20| 24. 0| 34. 0| 100. 0| Find the mass of water ?=mv ? (density) H2O = 1. 0 g /cm3 Calculate % Uncertainty in mass of water As the mass of water is the same in the 3 alcohols the %uncertainty is the same for all the alcohols Absolute uncertainty of the measuring cylindermass of water ? 100 Calculating ? mass change (alcohol’s burned mass) (initial mass  ± 0. 01 g)-(final mass  ± 0. 01 g) Calculating percentage uncertainty in alcohol burned mass Absolute uncertainty of alcohol’s burned massalcohol’s burned mass ? 100 Calculate the percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned moles percentage uncertainty of alcohol burned mass+percentage uncertainty of alcohol`s molar mass Calculating ? H (enthalpy change) ?H=-mass of water x specific heat of water x ? T of water mol of alcohol * The specific heat for water is 4. 18 =100Ãâ€"4. 184x 10=4,184 J or 4,184 KJ exothermic Methanol= * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 23 °C Mass (i) methanol= 5. 38g * tf= H2O=33 °C Mass (f) methanol= 5. 08 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10 °C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 5. 38-5. 30=0. 30g ?m=? mMr=0. 3032. 04=0. 009 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 009=-464888. 9jmol % uncertainity(balance)= ±0. 020. 30x 100=6. 67 % % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-726000-(-464888. )-726000x 100=36% Qualitative Observations We could see from the burn of methanol that the flame owas of color orange red, moreover therewere not dirt in the bottle. Ethanol * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24 °C Mass (i) ethanol= 5. 33 g * tf= H2O=34 °C Mass (f) ethanol= 4. 94 g ?T= TF-TI= ?T= 10 °C Calculating mass change ?m=mi-mf= 0. 39 g 5. 33-4. 94= 0. 39 g ethanol 0. 3946. 07 g/mol=0,008 mol ?H=-4. 1 840. 008=-523,000jmol % uncertainity(balance)= ±0. 020. 39x 100=13 % % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-1360000-(-523000. 0)-1368000x 100=61. % Qualitative Observations We can observe a lost of weight during the experiment, moreover the flame was orange blue but with a big strong orange , it didn’t burn complete therefore show dirt in the cup. Isopropolic acid * H2O = 100 ml * mH2O= 100 mg * t1 H2O= 24 °C Mass (i) = 5. 45 g * tf= H2O=34 °C Mass (f) ethanol= 5. 20g ?T= TF-TI=10 c ?m=mi-mf= 0. 25 g Isopropolic acid 0. 25 60,1g/mol=0,004 mol ?H=-4. 1840. 04=-1,046,000jmol % uncertainitybalance= ±0. 020. 25x 100=8% % uncertainity(thermometer )= ±110x 100=10 % %error=-2006. 9-(-1046. 0)-2006. 9x 100=47. 9% At last, the alcohol used was Isopropilic acid. The flame with this alcohol was the strongest flame, it was very strong, was very yellow at the top and blue at the bottom. * We could also notice that all the 3 alcohols produced Soot. (is a general t erm that refers to impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion) Conclusion = As we know the finality of the lab was to find the enthalpy change in the three alcohol; methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol.. Enthalply change is to see or measure up the toal energy of thermodynamic system. Focusing in the result we got the actual enthalpy change with a smaller value in the theoretical this is because during the experiment there was a lot of energy lost mostly in the heat . the percentage of uncertainty could be also emphasize that the heat was lost due to we didn’t aggregate in precise way the distance between the flame and the micro burner, and percentage error was high because the heat was transfereedto the materials in the system not only to the water . Moreover from the qualitative observations we could conclude out it there was a complete or incomplete combustions. Methanol got a complete combustion since there was no soot under the cup,therefore carbol dioxide was realeased. 2CH4O (1) + 3O2 (G) = 2CO2(g) + 4H2O (I) Ethanol case was different we see that some sootappeared in the cup, therefore carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide . C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO2 (g)+3H2O (I) C2H6O (I)+ 3O2(G)= 2CO(g)+3H2O (I) Isopropilic Acid ,there was soot produced in the experiment, there was a incomplete combustion there was more carbon moxide produced than carbpn dioxide Errors Complete combustion was not completed because of the lack of oxygen available. The micro burner had a little wick which affects the intensity of the flame The distance between the micro burner and the metallic calorimeter varies. So its no a fair experiment Heat was lost to the surrounding and the aluminum cup absorbed some of it. Improvements Use aluminum foil for a next trial to keep the flame and the base of the cup insulated from the surroundings. Measure an exact distance and keep it constant for all trials. For a next trial uses a longer wick that will provide a more intense flame that wont run out Try to provide an adequate oxygen supply that would be suitable for lab conditions. How to cite Enthalpy Lab, Papers

Businesses and people alike lose millions of dolla Essay Example For Students

Businesses and people alike lose millions of dolla Essay rs each year as aresult of telemarketing scams. Due to the ease creating a telemarketingscam many people are skeptical to even hear what an actual telemarketer istrying to sell. People can help protect themselves by learning thefundamentals of detecting a potential fraud. The most important thing to doif victimized by fraud is to contact law enforcement agencies promptly. This way they can try to shut down the organization or undergroundoperation as quickly as possible. Some widely used telemarketing scams arefor fraudulent credit cards, supposedly free vacations, and pyramid sellingschemes. Another type of fraud is Internet fraud. With the rapid growth ofthe Internet there is likewise a growth in Internet scamming. Many of thetelemarketing scams are also scams to beware of on the Internet. Scams likethe pyramid scheme, fake credit cards, and free vacations are also on theInternet. A general rule of thumb, when dealing with a telemarketer, is to makesure the company is legitimate. If someone is unsure he or she shouldcontact the Better Business Bureau to find out. If the agency will notdisclose key information about their business or the details they do givedont sound right then once again contact the Better Business Bureau. Also,telemarketing scams often promise easy money that can be received withdoing next-to-nothing. If people could truly receive money for doingnothing then everyone would be involved in this lucrative operation. Something to keep in mind about credit card issuing companies is that mostlegal agencies will not deal with people that have bad credit. So if acompany guarantees a credit card no matter the credit rating then moreoften than not the operation is a scam. Many of the scams perpetrated by telemarketers are the same ones downon the Internet. Some tips to avoid having money stolen because of a scamare to make sure the company is a legitimate company. Like withtelemarketing scams, contact the Better Business Bureau about anythingsuspicious. Also, try to look for information on how complaints are filedand handled. While it may be tedious to find information about companieslocated in foreign countries, most companies actively participate inprograms that have standards for dealing with complaints. Another thing tolook out for is that just because they have no complaints doesnt mean theysatisfy all their customers. Most scam operations open and close quickly toavoid detection. When reading much e-mail dont take it for granted thatone saying it is from a legitimate company actually is. Anyone can say theyare from a company; make sure they are really from the company they claimbefore sending any personal information. Basically, this web site offers valuable information on differenttypes of scams and ways to avoid being scammed. With four main types ofscams, this web site goes in depth on different scams out there to watchout for. Within each category of fraud there are many examples and tips onwhat they claim to offer and what they really do offer. Lastly they havedifferent ways to report potential and actual fraud. The site lists anumber to call to report the incident and also has an online form to fillout to report the fraud. After looking over this web site no one shouldfall victim to any type of fraud.

Michelangeloapos;s Inne Tomb of Julius II Essay Example

Michelangelos Inne Tomb of Julius II Essay In 1505 Pope Julius II called upon Michelangelo to come to Rome and construct his tomb.Michelangelo was a well known artist at the time and although he was hesitant to take the job, he knew it was a chance for him to built a monument that he hoped would be remembered not only as tomb for a great leader, but as a representation of his genius as a sculpture. Little did he know that it would be a project that would take him over forty 5and Julius II were both men with forceful personalities, big plans, and personal goals which they hoped to accomplish throughout the construction of the tomb .The two men came into conflict over the plans of the tomb and there were many times when the project was suspended because Michelangelo became so frustrated that he returned back to Florence where he wanted to complete the project on his own .Michelangelo worked on many other projects while he continued work on the tomb and it was not completed for over 30 years after the death of Julius II.Today th e tomb not only stands as a representation of the change in artistic style of Michelangelo but is also a reflection of the character and sentiment of Michelangelo during the time in which he worked on the Tomb.Figures like that of Moses and the slaves act as a representation of the frustrated sentiment that Michelangelo felt towards the project and its patron.The figures reflect his growth as an artist during the forty years of the tomb and those of Leah and Rachel stand as a representation of the mature sentiment and style that Michelangelo grew into over time. The tomb was no longer a grand monument but a personal battle for Michelangelo who did not finish it for the people, but for himself, as he believed that the masses were without judgment and always liked that which they should despise and criticize that which is highest of worth .It is a reflection of his pure sentiment, growth, and inner struggle as an artist during this t

Realistic Fake Blood

Realistic Fake Blood If you want a realistic fake blood, youre going to have to do better than dyed water! Heres a recipe for a realistic fake blood that pools like the real deal and has a better blood color. Its sticky and will stain (like real blood), so use it on washable surfaces or those you dont mind getting all bloody. The blood is edible, so you can drink it if you like. 2 tablespoons white corn syrup6 drops red food coloring1 drop blue or green food coloring2 teaspoons cocoa powder If you use cocoa mix, like for hot chocolate, youll get a paler blood that may require some water to dissolve the sugar. Unsweetened cocoa produces a better blood for most purposes. Make It Disgusting You can sprinkle in some dried onion if you want the blood to look like it contains bits of scabs and fingernails. Other kitchen seasonings add interest, too, or consider adding potato peels. You can splatter the blood either by flicking it on a paintbrush or off of a fork.

One of a Kind Experience Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One of a Kind Experience - Personal Statement Example The purpose of writing this essay is to narrate this unforgettable experience in the researcher's life, once if a person achieves something big in life, he/she obviously feels like telling the people about it, so that the researcher have written this with the very same feeling. After reading the essay the researcher wants the people to feel that so many things may happen for the first time in the life of an individual, but with planning the risks of the future can be reduced. Like the researcher had a good plan, which was of course plan B, but it’s always good to have a backup, so that if a person does not pull off what he/she is trying to achieve, he/she should at least have a backup which can help that particular individual. Planning is imperative and can reduce the risk to a great extent. Eliminating various risks, that were discussed in the essay entirely is just not possible, but the best thing which can be done is planning. The researcher also states that the most diffic ult part of the paper was putting the experience into words or in other words, finding the suitable words to put across the experience because many a time the right words just eludes a person and it's very difficult to narrate an experience because that experience can be taken in some other sense because of the words used in the experience this goes to show the importance of the words used in the experience. The strengths of the paper is basically how interesting the story is, its a dream come true for many young kids.... The trail began and it was a very fine day for me and I quickly adjusted myself to the conditions and ended up scoring two goals and with it I also secured a place in the squad of the Club. The purpose of writing this essay is to narrate this unforgettable experience in my life, once if a person achieves something big in life, he/she obviously feels like telling the people about it and I have written this with the very same feeling. After reading the essay I want the people to feel that so many things happen for the first time in the life of an individual but with planning the risks of the future can be reduced. Like I had a good plan, which was off course planB but it's always good to have a backup so that if a person does not pull off what he/she is trying to achieve, he/she should at least have a backup which can help that particular individual. Planning is imperative and can reduce the risk to a great extent. Eliminating various risks entirely is just not possible but the best thing which can be done is planning. The most difficult part of the paper was putting the experience into words or in other words finding the suitable words to put across the experience because many a time the right words just eludes a person and its very difficult to narrate an experience because that experience can be taken in some other sense because of the words used in the experience this goes to show the importance of the words used in the experience. Words decide what impact the same will have on readers and careful and appropriate use of the words can make an experience a treat to read. The same goes to show the importance of appropriate words. The strengths of the paper is basically how interesting the story is, its a one of a kind

Quotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Quotation - Essay Example Actions, which might threaten or lead to loss of life contradict the right, and thus need condemnation (Freeman 5). All constitutions of the world recognize and respect the right to life and that any person who attempts or violates it faces stiff penalty. For instance, when a person kills another person, he faces life sentence for violating the right of the deceased to live. This is evident in several countries such as in the Middle East whereby tyrants who had been accused of mass murder of human beings got punished. Former Iraq president, Saddam Hussein was hanged for killing many people during his reign (Freeman 5). Therefore, since nobody provided right to life to a fellow being, he or she has no right of taking such right from another being by killing or threatening. However, there are some instances when such right is denied or when a person accused of killing a fellow human being is pardoned (Freeman 9). Such situation arises when the accused was trying to defend himself or he rself from murder by the deceased. This normally happen when in times of conflict such as war or when a person turns wild and desires to kill. Moreover, when a person kills the other, and thus turns to be a security threat to public, police officers kill him (Freeman 9). A good instance occurs during mass shootings which have characterized the U.S.A. and which have left many people grieving from loss of loved ones. A recent incident was the US school shooting in Brooklyn, Newtown. Consequently, all constitutions on earth recognize and respect the right to liberty of all human beings. People have a right to be free from all forms of bondage and slavery. Capturing or enslaving a fellow human being is currently an international offence condemned by all nations (Freeman 11). Unlike in the past when people were taken as slaves due to debt or as war captives, all constitutions of the world prohibit the act and even imposes heavy penalty on the offenders. Since God created human beings whe n they were not under the rule or authority of anybody, no person should be denied such right. Right to liberty ensures that people move around the earth doing as they wish with their freedom so long as they respect and accord the same to other people (Freeman 14). Therefore, people who capture their fellow human beings contradict the right to liberty. Such acts include those witnessed by illegal groups such as militants or pirates who capture sailors and keep or otherwise kill them. A good example is the capturing of sailors in Indian Ocean by Somali pirates who demand huge ransom in order to release the captives. This action is bad and illegal since it contravenes the captives’ right to move (Freeman 14). However, the right to liberty is restricted in some instances. Such instances include when a person commits a criminal offence, and thus convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. While serving a prison term, a person is denied the right to be free (Freeman 14). This is a fo rm of punishment directed at the prisoner in order to compel him to change from criminal activities. Human beings also have a right to lead a happy life on earth. Such freedom is God – given and thus, nobody should be denied (Freeman 27). God created human beings to be happy creatures and thus, should thank him for such right by worshiping him. Therefore, actions, which inhibit man from pursuing happiness on earth go against the right and thus, need condemnation. Thus, human beings have a

Blowin' in the Wind by Bob Dylan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blowin' in the Wind by Bob Dylan - Essay Example "Blowin' in the Wind" was a fantastic piece of talent for the era. The song puts forward questions of moral principles on the earth at the time, warfare, coercion, privileges, etc. The first stanza of the song "How many roads must a man walk down Before you can call him a man" raises the matter, that how difficult it becomes to get respect. It is fundamentally a protest song, which talks about the protesters of the era and how much they suffered to get heard. The poem also mentions about a white dove sailing seas. The dove is considered as a widespread mark for peace. Dylan uses it to show people's anxiety and unrest and their search of peace in that era of war. He compares this situation with a white dove flying around to find a peaceful and safe place. The symbol dove as used in the poem may also be viewed as a biblical reference. Dylan asks even the most tragic and painful questions beautifully as he asked "How many times must the cannon balls fly /Before they're ever banned." Thi s line translates his concern for the people who died or may die due to the war and when would it be ceased forever. In the next few lines he answers his question and declares that the answer can't be seen but it can be observed. He thinks that society can evaluate the answer it is in the surroundings (i.e., in the blowing wind). The second stanza begins with the words "How many times must a man look up /Before he can see the sky" Dylan asks that how much time it would take for men to find out that war doesn't worth the loss countless lives. Dylan goes on with the rhyme of the poem and writes "How many ears must one man have / before he can hear people cry" one more biblical reference can be observed in this line, in Isaiah 6:9 it is stated that those who refuse Jesus Christ will fundamentally be deaf to the humanity but if they get Jesus and unbolt their heart then they shall hears. Isaiah replies to this by stating "Lord, how long" It is about the similar query Dylan inquires about in "Blowin' in the Wind". After this line of the song there is an evident anti-war speech. The losses of soldiers in Vietnam were increasing and the protesters merely wished for a pullout of troops to protect lives. And once again Dylan follows the same rhyme by declaring that the answers are blowing in the wind. The last verse begins with the wordings "How many years can a mountain exist /before it's washed to sea" This is a symbol that entails if the world keeps on fighting and participates in wars; just how extensive will it be until we have ruined ourselves The replication of nearly each verse opening with "how many" pushes the urgency of change on the readers. A further reason for this is to illustrate how exhausted his generation was of the Vietnam War. "How many years can some people exist /before they're allowed to be free" is one more anti-war metaphor. Dylan is declaring that people being sent away to take part in the war and not be able to do what one selects has gone on for very long. The line that tracks this is "How many times can a man turn his head /Pretending he doesn't see" which is yet again an pacifist line. This means that the governments do not pay any attention to the dangers and

The Usefulness Of Financial Statements To Stakeholders

The Usefulness Of Financial Statements To Stakeholders Introduction: Finance for managers is very important subject for businesses. All stakeholders must have to know about it. Because it helps their businesses to run properly and make profit. Finance for managers helps people to know about the purposes and requirements for keeping financial records, what are the techniques for recording financial information, what are the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording, the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders, what is the difference between management and financial accounting, the budgetary control process and so on. It also helps people how working capital can be effectively managed, how calculate and interpret variances from budget, how to evaluate business project, how business organizations can effectively manage working capital etc. Businesses are mainly depend on finance, managers and budget etc. So if people want to start business they have to know about finance for managers. It helps them to learn some most important things about business. Thats are: what are the legal responsibilities, how to keep financial record, how to control finance, how to control budget, what are the costing and pricing, what are the financial statements, project appraisal methods, usefulness of financial stakeholders etc. Evaluate the purpose and requirements for keeping financial records: In business there are many purposes and requirements for keeping financial records among of those this three are mainly important. Thats are: Legal requirements: It means when people start businesses they need to follow business rules, laws and regulations to run their businesses. Almost every business has some form of legal ruling. Particular forms, licences and other documentations is field with state and local government offices in order to begin. And these documentations may be tax forms, shareholders and payments etc. Without this documentation you may given up from opening. Tax requirements: In every business people must have to pay tax and this tax depends on business structure its called tax requirement. This tax also sometimes depends on business profit, business types, and business quality and so on. Internal control requirements: Internal controls are policies, procedures and mechanisms used to decline business risk. In order to check employees and member from committing a dishonest act the control must be via and wide. It helps business to run properly and to achieve business goals and also help to make good relationship between all business staffs. Analyses the techniques for recording financial information. Analyses the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording: Financial recording is a process and procedure that is used by an organisation to control finance and accountability. This process and procedure include recording, verification and timely reporting of transactions that affect revenues, expenditures, assets, and liabilities. To develop business and making profit accountants have to keep financial records or information. There are some techniques for recording financial information that are given below: Double entry book keeping: It is an account technique which records each transaction as a credit and a debit. Day books and ledgers: A book with an account of sales and purchases made each day is called day books. For example: sales day books, sale return day books etc. On the other hand ledger is an accounting book of final entry where transactions are listed in different accounts. For instance: sales ledger, purchase ledger and general ledger etc. The trail balance: It is totalling of debit balance and credit balance to make sure that total debits equal total credits. From the trail balance figure end of the year an organization can make balance sheet of the business to show the financial position at a particular moment in time. Manual and computerised systems: Manual systems means those transactions are enter manually in business. It is a risky system for business because there are many chances to make mistakes. On the other hand those transactions are enter by computer is called computerised system. It is a very safety system and never makes mistakes. Nowadays most business systems are computerised systems. Because it can also keep more records than manual system. In business there are some requirements for financial reporting and these financial reporting requirements are for sole traders, partnerships, limited companies and public limited companies etc. Financial reports are the documents and records that how much money your business is making or not or how much money your business have to pay or how much money your business already paid etc. Basically it is the documents of money transaction of all purposes that where your business invest money. There are different types of financial reports or statements. These financial statements can be cash flow statement its a summary of the actual incomings and outgoings of cash in a firm over an accounting period (month, quarter, year), it can be also profit and loss account it shows your business that how much money is your profit or loss. And the final statement is called balanced sheet. It focuses on what asset the entity owns, how it paid for them, how much profit or loss etc. This statement is p repared at the end of the year. The purpose of financial reporting is to deliver this information to the lenders and shareowners (the stakeholders) of your business. Because in business we have mainly two types of stakeholders thats: internal and external. Internal means those stakeholders are dwell inside the company for examples: managers, employees, board members etc. On the other hand those stakeholders are not directly a part of a company is called external stakeholders for examples: shareholders, customers, suppliers etc. Financial reporting must be part of the essential contract between you and them. Your lenders and investors have the right to know if their money is being spent wisely and returning a profit. Besides these the usefulness of financial statements are that: by doing this stakeholders can know that how much is their profit and loss, how do assets stack up against liabilities, where did the business get its capital, and how is it making good use of the money, what s the  cash  flow  from the profit or loss for the period, did the business reinvest all its profit, does the business have enough capital for future growth and so on. Evaluates the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders: In business there are two types of stakeholders thats: internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders mean those stakeholders are dwell inside the company for examples: managers, employees, board members etc. On the other hand those stakeholders are not directly a part of a company is called external stakeholders for examples: shareholders, customers, suppliers etc. All shareholders want to see the use of their investment and thus asses the management through the financial statements. Because financial statements are very useful for businesses. The usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders is given below thats are: how much is the profit and loss in their business how much money the invest how do assets stack up against liabilities where did the business get its capital how is it making good use of the money What is the  cash  flow  from the profit or loss for the period did the business reinvest all its profit how much is their costs how much money they paid Does the business have enough capital for future growth etc. Explains the difference between management and financial accounting: Financial accounting is concerned with financial transaction and statements that have already taken place. It is a gathering of information about business transactions. For example: profit and loss. These processes are controlled by finance manager. On the other hand management accounting is concerned with providing management of an organisation with recommendations based on accounting information, in order to help in making day to day decisions and in longer term planning. These processes are controlled by management manager. Financial accounting and management accounting provide information into two different user groups. Financial accounting primarily provides information for external users of accounting data, such as investors and creditors. On the other hand, management accounting provides information for internal users of accounting data. Internal users include employees, managers, and executives of the company. Financial accounting is reporting on historical information. The i nformation is reported regularly. It is often broken down into monthly, quarterly, and annual reporting periods. On the contrary, management accounting information is reported continually. Internal users need to evaluate past, present, and potential future information in order to make decisions. Therefore, these users continuously need information in order to make the appropriate decisions. These two accounts are very important for a business. Without these two businesses cannot run properly or cannot make profit. So always try to keep proper account of these two accounting sector. 5 Explain the budgetary control process: To make effective decisions and coordinate the decisions and actions of the various departments according to the capital is called budget. Because every business have a limited budget so it is necessary to control budget. There are many types of budget in businesses such as: advertising budget, purchasing budget, sales budget, cash budget, development budget etc. There are some process to control budget thats are: Good communication and good coordination between departments and authorities can control budget. Besides this well planning helps managers to decide the most effective ways for controlling budget. On the other hand cash flow forecasts are also helpful to control budget. It shows if a firm needs to borrow, how much, when and how it will repay the loan. However evaluation can control budget. Because it means a manager is to compare the budget with actual performance by each person sector. In here control action is also related. Without budgetary plan running a company is difficult. Budget is also important for management. Because managements are also depends on budget and every departments have its own budget. Among them zero based budgeting can control budget because it is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Its starts from a zero based and every function within an organisation is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budget is then built aro und what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one. Another important process is incremental budgeting. It forecast fixed overhead costs, computed by adding or subtracting a predetermined percentage from the historical costs. There are also some advantages and disadvantages of the budgetary control system. Thats are: It enables the management of a business concern to conduct its business activities in the efficient manner. It provides a yardstick for measuring and evaluating the performance of individuals and their departments. It reveals the deviations to management, from the budgeted figures after making a comparison with actual figure. Effective utilization of various resources like men, material, machinery and money is made possible, as the production is planned after taking them into account. It helps in the review of current trends and framing of future policies. It creates suitable conditions for the implementation of standard costing system in a business organization. It inculcates the feeling of cost consciousness among workers. Budgets may or may not be true, as they are based on estimates. The assumptions about future events may or may not actually happen. Rigidity: Budgets are considered as rigid document. Too much emphasis on budgets may affect day-to-day operations and ignores the dynamic state of organizational functioning. False Sense of Security: Mere budgeting cannot lead to profitability. Budgets cannot be executed automatically. It may create a false sense of security that everything has been taken care of in the budgets. Lack of coordination: Staff cooperation is usually not available during Budgetary Control exercise. Time and Cost: The introduction and implementation of the system may be expensive. Evaluates the use of different costing methods used for pricing purposes: In business there are different types of costs. For pricing purposes industries need to classify there costs. For example: direct costs, indirect costs, fixed costs etc. Each of these costs has separate unit. For pricing and costing a business must calculate unit cost to make sure how much are their costs. Then they have to deal with over heads thats are: raw materials, utility, rents etc. After that they have to make sure about pricing but it is depends on the firms average costs and on the customers opinion of a product value. For pricing purposes some important costs have to be calculated, such as: cost plus, marginal cost, price taker etc. In here they have to identify that which contractor is paid for the costs incurred and is paid an agreed upon percentage of such costs as contractors profit is called cost plus. Besides this a firm have to calculate marginal costs, its allocates only variable costs i.e. direct materials, direct labour and other direct expenses and variable over heads to the production. It does not take into account the fixed cost of production. This type of costing emphasizes the distinction between fixed and variable costs. However most investors are price takers as their actions in selling and buying stocks isnt enough to change the price. Also note that a company can be regarded as a price taker if the price sets and quantity of the goods it produces doesnt have any influence on the actual market price, so forcing the company to go with the market price. Any individual consumer is also considered to be a price taker; this is because the purchase made doesnt affect the price a company sets for its products. There is also an important costing method that is break even it means neither a profit nor loss has been gained, this can be seen after balancing the costs. Conclusion: We can learn a lot of about Business by reading finance for managers. Business is everywhere in the world, it help us to know about the purposes and requirements for keeping financial records, what are the techniques for recording financial information, what are the legal and organisational requirements of financial recording, the usefulness of financial statements to stakeholders, what is the difference between management and financial accounting, the budgetary control process and so on. It also helps people how working capital can be effectively managed, how calculate and interpret variances from budget, how to evaluate business project, how business organizations can effectively manage working capital etc. Its also help u to know what are the legal responsibilities, how to keep financial record, how to control finance, how to control budget, what are the costing and pricing, what are the financial statements, project appraisal methods, usefulness of financial stakeholders etc. From our point of view the most important aspects are finance, budget, stakeholders etc. Failure and success of a business fully depends on theses aspects. There also varies minor aspects to consider also as well, these are also vital to grow your business and gain profits. To grow your business you have look into ways on increasing the amount of sales, both to existing customers and new customers, improving your products and services by researching and testing changes with your customers. Furthermore, developing new products and services, and selling them to new or existing markets, also taking on staff or training your current staff includes working with apprentices and mentors. Lastly you can look for additional sources of funding, such as binging in new investors. To know about businesses very well people have to know about finance for managers because all these things are related here. So it is necessary to learn finance for mangers because it helps quite a lot for businesses.

Tacit Knowing and Education :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tacit Knowing and Education How is tacit knowing or tacit knowledge utilized in the classroom? This has been my question since discovering the term coined by Michael Polanyi and reading the excerpt of The Tacit Dimension. I have reflected on my experiences in a second grade classroom and observations of students being able to or not being able to refer to the tacit dimension in the classroom. In rethinking through Polanyi's assertion that "we can know more than we can tell", I will review ways in which students (children and adults) use intuition and other forms of tacit knowing in the classroom. I will also speak to the detrimental effects of particular school reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act, which diminish the student's ability to use tacit knowledge in the classroom. What is tacit knowing/knowledge? It is something that is "implied or indicated but not actually expressed." It is what we already know by way of previous experience, or, habituation that has become second nature. This is not a far-fetched idea. If we go back to Plato's Republic, even he believed that humans have the capability to know the right thing to do because we were born with that information already in our minds. A life of study was a way to reflect on this knowledge and use it for the good of all. Children respond to material in the classroom using tacit knowledge. All we learn in some way relies on us connecting it somehow to something we already know. Tacit knowledge requires a synthesis of previous experience into the inner workings of the mind and memory. Certainly, other educational theorists saw the importance of this in the classroom. Some ways children use tacit knowledge is in the different interactions between other children and to adults, crying in the classroom to signify pain, confusion, and anger, etc. John Dewey's Experience and Education speaks specifically to this concept. "Every experience is a moving force." I equate "tacit knowing" to having previous experiences. Regardless of our being conscious of the importance of an event, our mind holds on to that experience and becomes a knowledge that we can utilize in the future. Can tacit knowing be utilized in the classroom? It is my opinion that it is becoming increasingly more difficult, particularly in public schools that must adhere to the strict testing of children for the sake of compliance to the No Child Left Behind Act, to rely on previous knowledge to help students learn in the classroom.

Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals Essay

1. Visit the websites of companies like Wal-Mart, Dell and Home Depot, and see if you can find discussions of their supply chain management activities. List information you can find on purchasing/supplier issues, logistics, information systems, quality and customer service. Purchasing/supplier issues: Wal-Mart always emphasized the need to reduce its purchasing costs and offer the best price to its customers. The company procured goods directly from manufacturers, bypassing all intermediaries. Wal-Mart was a tough negotiator on prices and finalized a purchase deal only when it was fully confident that the products being bought were not available elsewhere at a lower price. Wal-Mart spent a significant amount of time meeting vendors and understanding their cost structure. By making the process transparent, the retailer could be certain that the manufacturers were doing their best to cut down costs. Once satisfied, Wal-Mart believed in establishing a long-term relationship with the vendor. In its attempt to drive hard bargains, Wal-Mart did not even spare big manufacturers like Procter & Gamble. However, the company, generally, preferred local and regional vendors and suppliers. Logistics: An important feature of Wal-Mart’s logistics infrastructure was its fast and responsive transportation system. Wal-Mart maintained a strict vigil over its drivers by keeping a record of their activities through the â€Å"Private Fleet Driver Handbook†. The purpose of the book was to educate the drivers with regard to the code of conduct. Non-compliance to the hand book would result in the termination of the driver. To make its distribution process more efficient, Wal-Mart also made use of a logistics technique known as ‘cross docking’. In this system, the finished goods were directly supplied to the customers. The system reduced the handling and storage of finished goods, virtually eliminating the role of the distribution centers and stores. Information Systems: Wal-Mart invested heavily in IT and communications systems to effectively track sales and merchandise inventories in stores across the country. With the rapid expansion of Wal-Mart stores in the US, it was essential to have a good communication system. Wal-Mart set up its own satellite communication system in 1983. They were able to reduce unproductive inventory by allowing stores to manage their own stocks, reducing pack sizes across many product categories, and timely price markdowns. Instead of cutting inventory across the board, Wal-Mart made full use of its IT capabilities to make more inventories available in the case of items that customers wanted most, while reducing the overall inventory levels. The order management and store replenishment of goods were entirely executed with the help of computers through the Point-of –Sales (POS) system. Through this system it was possible to monitor and track the sales and merchandise stock levels on the store shelves. Quality and Customer Service: When Sam Walton started Wal-Mart in 1962, he felt that each Wal-Mart needed to reflect the vision of the community and the values of each customer. This way of doing business became the Wal-Mart organizational culture. Organizational culture is what a company values and this value reflects on how companies conduct their business. According to Time magazine’s website, Sam Walton believed that if you work toward excellence and show passion with your work, you will gain a loyal customer base. Wal-Mart trains employees on how to problem solve and develops each employee to focus on pleasing the customer. The slogan of â€Å"satisfaction guaranteed† is something that Wal-Mart says it takes seriously. Wal-Mart says it trains employees to ask customers if they need assistance or tutorials on how a particular product functions. Another function of Wal-Mart customer strategies is having greeters at the door of every store. Wal-Mart management feel that if customers are greeted by a friendly face, this enhances their shopping experience. Wal-Mart says it spends time and money on its employees to ensure that the philosophy of Sam Walton is instilled into each new employee. According to the Wal-Mart website, Wal-Mart trains its employees on excellent customer skills. Wal-Mart believes that if customers gets what they want at a good price, this will keep them coming back to the store. 2. Search on the term supply chain management. How many hits did you get? Describe five of the websites found in your search. How many hits?- only 247,000,000 5 of the websites–What is Supply Chain Management? Describing what supply chain management is. — The hot new M.B.A.: Supply-Chain Management. Goes into how universities have recently introduced undergraduate majors for supply chain management. — Council of Supply Chain management Professionals: Homepage. They provide education, research, connections for supply chain management. — Module 1: What is Supply Chain Management? It’s a YouTube video introducing viewers to the field of SCM. — Supply Chain Management Certificate. Describes what SCM is and offers advanced professional supply chain management certificate. 3. Go to www.agrichain–centre.com (or a similar website found when searching on New Zealand supply chain management), and discuss the current state of supply chain (or value chain) management in New Zealand. – I went to the site I didn’t see anything on the current state of supply mgmt.. 4. Search for the term bullwhip effect and write a paper on the impacts of the bullwhip effect and the companies profiled in the papers you find. IMPACTS OF THE BULLWHIP EFFECT From the case study, in the early 1990s, P&G faced a problem of extreme demands variation for its Pamper diapers. Although the purchase rate somehow remain steady at the customer end, it has been found that the variation of order rates amplify up the supply chain, from the retailer level to the distributor level. This phenomenon is called bullwhip effect, and the distorted information from one end of a supply chain to the other can lead to tremendous inefficiencies, such as excessive inventory investment, poor customer service, lost revenues, misguided capacity plans, inactive transportation, and missed production schedules. What happens when a supply chain is plagued with a bullwhip effect that distorts its demand information as it is transmitted up the chain? In the past, without being able to see the sales of its products at the distribution channel stage, HP had to rely on the sales orders from the resellers to make product forecasts, plan capacity, control inventory, and schedule production. Big variations in demand were a major problem for HP’s management. The common symptoms of such variations could be excessive inventory, poor product forecasts, insufficient or excessive capacities, poor customer service due to unavailable products or long backlogs, uncertain production planning (i.e., excessive revisions), and high costs for corrections, such as for expedited shipments and overtime. HP’s product division was a victim of order swings that were exaggerated by the resellers relative to their sales; it, in turn, created additional exaggerations of order swings to suppliers. P&G still need to be careful when use the information sharing, because it is only an initial step to reduce the bullwhip effect within a supply chain, if use it from other stages continuously will lead to other problems. For instance, the POS data for a cosmetics store of P&G is not useful for suppliers of Pamper diapers. Moreover, if P&G cannot ensure its short order lead time, information sharing could be redundant because its supply chain is not capable of capitalizing on that information. Coordination in the supply chain is the next primary technique. Besides the Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) which P&G has already applied, the Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) could also be used to moderate the bullwhip effect, as well as to reduce cost. Finally, the generous return policies that manufacturers offer retailers aggravate gaming. Without a penalty, retailers will continue to exaggerate their needs and cancel orders. Not surprisingly, some computer manufacturers are beginning to enforce more stringent cancellation policies. The bullwhip effect results from rational decision making by members in the supply chain. Companies can effectively counteract the effect by thoroughly understanding its underlying causes. Industry leaders like Procter & Gamble are implementing innovative strategies that pose new challenges: integrating new information systems, defining new organizational relationships, and implementing new incentive and measurement systems. The choice for companies is clear: either let the bullwhip effect paralyze you or find a way to conquer it. 5. Search on the term supply chain Management software applications, and write a paper about how companies use these to improve their financial performance. Software Application Improve Supply Chain Management Financial Performance Supply chain management software is possibly the most fractured group of software applications on the planet. Some vendors have assembled many different chunks of software together under a single roof, but no one has a complete package that is right for every company. For example, most companies need to track demand, supply, manufacturing status, logistics (i.e. where things are in the supply chain), and distribution. They also need to share data with supply chain partners at an ever increasing rate. While products from large ERP (enterprise resource planning) vendors like SAP’s Advanced Planner and Optimizer (APO) can perform many or all of these tasks, because each industry’s supply chain has a unique set of challenges, many companies decide to go with targeted best of breed products instead, even if some integration is an inevitable consequence. It’s worth mentioning that the old adage about systems only being as good as the information that they contain applies doubly to SCM. If the information entered into a demand forecasting application is not accurate, then you will get an inaccurate forecast. Similarly, if employees bypass the supply chain systems and try to manage things manually (using the fax machine or spreadsheets), then even the most expensive systems will provide an incomplete picture of what is happening in a company’s supply chain. Effective supply chain management boosts profitability by systematically reducing the overall costs associated with goods and services. Using SCM Software could increase the return on your investment by using the same principles that are used in big software companies abilities; increase quality, speed production, and reduce costs, and extending them to your supply network. You collaborate with your suppliers in real time, improving the relationships and the overall management of your supply chain. SCM software manages the entire process, from requisitioning to purchase order creation, receiving, invoice payment, and the tracking of supplier performance. It supports high-volume repetitive deliveries with supplier schedules specifying date and hour of delivery. Long term plans can be shared with suppliers allowing them to order raw materials, plan production, and arrange deliveries based on accurate, reliable data. SCM software helps to avoid the costly fines and penalties associated with defaults on regulatory compliance by maintaining the global knowledge necessary to fulfill cross-border transactions within governmental and customs regulations. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management goes into improving the way a company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers. Using supply chain management software and tools can bring greater speed and accuracy to the way a company do business thereby saving you time and money. 6. Search on green supply chains, and write a paper regarding the global regulatory status of environmental legislation and how it is impacting supply chain management. Impact of Environmental Legislation on Supply Chain Management One of many challenges in environmental management is compliance with new environmental regulations. For instance, the EU recently requested all electrical and electronic products being exported to the region to follow the restrictions of hazardous substances (RoHS) directives in order to reduce certain substances used in products. Another regulation, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), aims at promoting reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery in order to reduce the waste. Those regulations presented unprecedented challenges to international supply chains. Failing to comply with the regulations could result in loss of sales and reputation. For instance, in 2001, over one million SONY Play Stations were rejected by Dutch customs for containing environmentally hazardous substances. From the perspective of supply chain management, environmental regulations impose immediate pressure on manufacturing firms from different countries along a supply chain to work together to ensure the elimination of any hazardous substances. As component suppliers revamp their products, contract manufacturers retool their manufacturing lines, and OEMs redesign many of their products. There is an unprecedented level of change in international supply chains because of this new wave of environmental movements. In the case of regulation compliance, many small manufacturers from developing countries lack the necessary experience and resources to respond to new environmental requirements imposed by downstream partners from developed countries. As developed countries move toward higher value-adding products and services, developing countries would assume a larger share of manufacturing functions in the global supply chain, thereby shouldering greater environ- mental burden. Whether supplier resistance will stymie progress toward green supply chain management is critical to compliance with environmental regulations. Currently, the practices of, and barriers to various supply chain parties to cope with environmental regulations are not fully understood. It is possible that the trend of globalization and the enforcement of regulations have increased the impact of â€Å"industry† on green manufacturing practices. More studies should be conducted to re-examine the effects of the cultural and industry factors. Effort is made to ensure the quality of this case study. For example, the study selected theoretically useful cases, used multiple investigators and respondents, conducted reliability and validity tests, collected multiple sources of evidence, and systematically searched for cross-case patterns. There are still some potential shortcomings regarding the generalization of the findings. For instance, the findings confirm the value of green partnerships but not the specific involvement of individual supply chain parties. African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(26), pp. 10601-10614, 28 October, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM DOI: 10.5897/AJBM11.518 ISSN 1993-8233  ©2011 Academic Journals Lee, Hau L., V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang. â€Å"The Bullwhip Effect In Supply Chains1.† Sloan management review 38.3 (1997): 93-102. i[ii] J. D. Sterman, â€Å"Modeling managerial behavior: misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision making experiment,† Management Science, vol. 35, pp. 321–339, 1989. ii[iii] Lee, H.L., V. Padmanabhan, and S. Whang. â€Å"Comments on ‘Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect,’† Management Science, 50(12), 1887-1893, 2004. iii[iv] Wilck, Joseph H. â€Å"Managing the Bullwhip Effect.† Unpublished Ph. D. Dual Degree, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, College of Engineering (available at< http://www. engr. psu. edu/symposium2006/papers/Session% 203D% 20-% 20Modeling% 20and% 20Engineering% 20Applications/Wilck. pdf>, accessed July 2009) (2006). iv[v] Gilbert, K. â€Å"An ARIMA Supply Chain Model,† Management Science, 51(2), 305-310, 2005. v[vi] Chopra, S. and P. Meindl. Supply Chain Management. Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 478-504, 2004. vi[vii] [4] Dejonckheere, J., S.M. Disney, M.R. Lambrecht, and D.R. Towill. â€Å"Measuring and Avoiding the Bullwhip Effect: A Control Theoretic Approach,† European Journal of Operational Research, 147, 567-590, 2003. vii[viii] Chen, Frank, et al. â€Å"Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple supply chain: The impact of forecasting, lead times, and information.† Management science 46.3 (2000): 436-443. 1. This initiative was engineered by Kurt Salmon Associates but propelled by executives from a group of innovative companies like Procter & Gamble and Campbell Soup Company. See: Kurt Salmon Associates, â€Å"ECR: Enhancing Consumer Value in the Grocery Industry (Washington, D.C.: report, January 1993); and F.A. Crawford, â€Å"ECR: A Mandate for Food Manufacturers?† Food Processing, volume 55, February 1994, pp. 34–42. 2. J.A. Cooke, â€Å"The $30 Billion Promise,† Traffic Management, volume 32, December 1993, pp. 57–59. 3. J. Sterman, â€Å"Modeling Managerial Behavior: Misperception of Feedback in a Dynamic Decision-Making Experiment,† Management Science, volume 35, number 3, 1989, pp. 321–339. 4. Sterman (1989); and P. Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (New York: Doubleday/Currency, 1990). 5. For a theoretical treatment of this subject, see: H.L. Lee, P. Padmanabhan, and S. Whang, â€Å"Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect,† Management Science, 1997, forthcoming. 6. M. Millstein, â€Å"P&G to Restructure Logistics and Pricing,† Supermarket News, 27 June 1994, pp. 1, 49. 7. V. Carroll, H.L. Lee, and A.G. Rao, â€Å"Implications of Salesforce Productivity, Heterogeneity and Demotivation: A Navy Recruiter Case Study,† Management Science, volume 32, number 11, 1986, pp. 1371–1388. 8. Salmon (1993). 9. P. Sellers, â€Å"The Dumbest Marketing Ploy,† Fortune, volume 126, 5 October 1992, pp. 88–93. 10. P. Kotler, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997). 11. R.D. Buzzell, J.A. Quelch, and W.J. Salmon, â€Å"The Costly Bargain of Trade Promotion,† Harvard Business Review, volume 68, March–April 1990, pp. 141–148. 12. Sellers (1992). 13. Ibid. 14. Lee et al. (1997). 15. L. Lode, â€Å"The Role of Inventory in Delivery Time Competition,† Management Science, volume 38, number 2, 1992, pp. 182–197. 16. Personal communication with Hewlett-Packard. 17. K. Kelly, â€Å"Burned by Busy Signals: Why Motorola Ramped up Production Way Past Demand,† Business Week, 6 March 1995, p. 36. 18. Rory J. O’Connor, â€Å"Rumor Bolsters IBM Shares,† San Jose Mercury News, 8 October 1994, p. 9D. 19. M. Reid, â€Å"Change at the Check-Out,† The Economist, volume 334, 4 March 1995, pp. 3–18. 20. A. Clark and H. Scarf, â€Å"Optimal Policies for a Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem,† Management Science, volume 6, number 4, 1960, pp. 465–490. 21. E.K. Clemons and M. Row, â€Å"McKesson Drug Company — A Strategic Information System,† Journal of Management Information Systems, volume 5, Summer 1988, pp. 36–50. 22. Millstein (1994). 23. T. Smart, â€Å"Jack Welch’s Cyber-Czar,† Business Week, 5 August 1996, pp. 82–83. 24. G. Stern, â€Å"Retailers of P&G to Get New Plan on Bills, Shipment,† Wall Street Journal, 22 June 1994. 25. Reid (1995). 26. H.L. Richardson, â€Å"How Much Should You Outsource?,† Transportation and Distribution, volume 35, September 1994, pp. 61–62. 27. Z. Schiller, â€Å"Ed Artzt’s Elbow Grease Has P&G Shining,† Business Week, 10 October 1994, pp. 84–86. 28. R. Mathews, â€Å"CRP Moves Towards Reality,† Progressive Grocer, volume 73, July 1994, pp. 43–44.

Face It Writers Make Less Now

Face It Writers Make Less Now If you are in this business full-time, and attempt to keep up with the pace of the current publishing paradigm, you cant help but feel depressed. Writers make less now than a decade ago. And no, it does not appear to be a temporary slump. Writers in Canada make less than in 1998 thestar.com/entertainment/books/2015/05/29/writers-in-canada-make-less-than-in-1998.html Authors incomes collapse to abject levels theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/08/authors-incomes-collapse-alcs-survey We can argue the reasons why, but I see it as two-fold: Treasure in hand 1) Everybody can publish today. 2) Readers have become accustomed to deals, so the average cost of a book has seriously declined. Nobody pays $25 for a hardback anymore. Not when a reader can grab an ebook for $1.99. But writers tend to be their own worst enemy. It feels better to sell 1,000 books for $.99 each than 100 for $9.99. We think were more powerful at that 1,000 number, but what weve failed to see is that weve driven our reputation down to a level thats hard to recover from. Yes, I understand you can have one-day and two-day offers. I understand Kindle Unlimited and Kindle Countdown Deals attract lower priced sales. But with most writers pricing down their material, we all earn less. And with so many writers in the mix, we all sell less. My own publisher talks about how publishers across the board are earning less, which drives them to promote individual authors less, no longer provide print ARCs, and decrease advances. On the freelance front, $1/word was once the professional rate. When FundsforWriters was started, I scolded writers for accepting less than 20 cents/word. Today thats decent pay. Writing mills came into the picture, making new writers think they could gather experience doing click rate writing. Then people started writing internationally, and writers from some countries easily underbid writers in others. One So whats an author to do? 1) Write steadily and often. The prolific writers makes more money no matter the pay. 2) Stand firm for a respectable wage. Turn down bad offers. Set your floor. 3) Dont settle for a lesser publisher. Hold out for a reputable publisher or learn to self-publish and consider making your own success. 4) Be unique in your promotion. Do not use the mass promo offers everyone else uses. 5) Promote daily, a little at a time, but dont sound like the next guy. The slow-but-sure mentality wins this race, and its a darn marathon for sure. But there are sneakers and training programs for those marathons, and they await you. You just have to decide to put them on.

How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Research Paper Example

How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Research Paper Example How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Paper How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Paper Overpopulation Problems Others experience problems from technological change or declining neighborhoods, others are affected directly y crime and violence in their own neighborhood, and sometimes definitions of social problems are changed by society because of changes around you. Finally in order to achieve the purpose of this which is to examine and discuss different issues and situations that cause social problems such as poverty. Overpopulation and social problems go hand and hand in todays society and there are many reasons and factors as to why these problems exist. Factors that lead to overpopulation that causes social problems are the increase in the number of single mothers in poor neighborhoods opposed to the decline n birth rates in the more efficient parts of the country, how the death rate is at a steady decline because of medical advances in rich and poor countries, the effects immigrants have on an environment and the population growth that occurs, the influence parents leave on children, and what is being done to help prevent the spread of AIDS because this is a deadly disease which is lowering our population but causing many social problems. Elements of a Social Problem There are also elements that make up a social problem. One of these elements is that they cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society (Carter Pl 6) which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because everybody thought it was not that big of a deal until sometimes permanent or short term damage has occurred. Another element is they offend the values or standards of some powerful segment of society (Carter Pl 6) which means no matter what you do someone will always take offense against your actions because everyone has different views and values and what is important to some may not be to others. Another element is that they persist for an extended period of pop) and everyone can picture that being true because as you solve one problem another always arises. The last element of a social problem is generating competing proposed solutions because of varying evaluations from groups in different social positions within a society, which delays reaching consensus on how to attack the problem (Carter P 16). This is caused because there are many different social groups that have different ideas and solutions to the problems we may face. Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems There are also different sociological perspectives on social problems such as he functionalist, conflict, interactions, feminist, and the postmodernist orientations. The functionalist view on social problems focuses on the social structures that hold a society together over time and they also see sociology as the science Of social Order. The second conflict orientation Sees most social problems as arising from disorientation due to group differences. Another view is the interactions orientation, which concentrates on how people perceive and define the events that influence their lives. The feminist orientation gives women a voice in a world that has been dominated by male- oriented perspectives in the past. The last and final one is the postmodernist orientation which, is an emerging and still controversial approach to studying society. Postmodernist insist that the change is so great that a more complex and far less hopeful world has supplanted the modern one we thought we lied in. The Effect Of AIDS and Birth Rates are falling but population is not. Aids is a deadly disease which is hurting a large amount of our population but at the same time it is causing many conflicts and social problems within our society. This disease has made people outcasts in our society because they eave this disease that can kill or make someone ill for a long period of time which will adventurously lead to death. Woodwinds and Delaney (1996) write, It is convenient to characterize a social problem as a conflict of values and duties, a conflict of rights or social condition that leads to or is thought to lead to harmful consequences. Page 10) Staying with the topic that over population and poverty combined causes social problems such as scarce jobs and resources for people but only that overpopulation is responsible for the conditions, which contribute to the overall lowering of the quality of life of unman beings in society. Another problem is AIDS, which is both a population and social problem. People are sometimes not accepted because they have the AIDS virus. This also affects the poor people more than the wealthy because AIDS is more common among poor neighborhoods because they have less money to buy things such as condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS and other diseases. According to the Global AIDS policy Commission about 95 percent were spent in industrialized countries that have less than 25 percent of the worlds population, 18 percent of the people with AIDS and 5 percent of HIVE infections worldwide. (Tarantula and Mann, 1 995 pages 123-124) According these numbers, a very large percent of the money for AIDS prevention and treatment is spent industrialized countries. This is unfair because the industrialized countries are not the ones that should be receiving the majority of the funds to help prevent the spread of this disease and possibly a cure for this disease in the future. Since the third world countries are not receiving enough funds they are unaware of the importance and are unable to spread the message of ways of preventing oneself from getting this eases. As has already been noted, the United States has tended to follow the recent pattern towards falling birth rates that have become characterized by most of the industrialized democracies of the West. Amatol (1995) notes in regard to the trend in the US: In 1975 sixty two percent of all women aged 40-44 had given birth to three or more children over the course of their life- times. In 1988 only thirty-eight percent had done so. The percentage of those giving birth to just one child rose from 9 to 15 percent during the same time period (Pl 7). There could be several reasons why there is an increase f those giving birth to only one child. In older days it was known that women would stay home and raise the children as the men go out and make the money. Now that times have changed, you see a lot more women in the workplace. Women sometimes give birth at a later age because they are so busy with their career. In todays society, people get married at a later age because they have to keep working to obtain income that is needed to help pay for their necessities. A reason why the population is still growing and there is a decrease in birth rates could be the fact that there are more cures or diseases that at one point were either not known or deadly. Overpopulation among the poor All this might give one the impression that overpopulation is not a problem affecting the United States. However, where birth rates have failed to decrease and in some cases have actually increased, has been among the poor, and especially among the inner-city welfare poor (Woodwinds IPPP). Opposite to a widespread misinterpretation, welfare mothers do not tend to have especially large families, most having one or two children with only a small number giving birth to more. However, the number of instances of ingle motherhood has been going up even as childbearing has been declining overall in the US. Single mothers represent the bulk of the adult welfare population; such births can be compared to the condition of the poor in Third World countries. Another problem we are facing is a real population explosion among the poor. A reason sometimes the poor have more children than the young adults with money is because of their financial status. If you have less money you are not going to run out and buy a box of condoms with your last five dollars. You will probably spend it on something that you think s more important, but in reality some people do not realize how big the consequence of having a child is. If you are not able to support a child, not responsible, or mature enough for parenthood it will only hurt the child. The kid will grow up with no guidance and in an environment that is neither healthy nor safe. Young teenage girls have this feeling that the father of the child will be there to love and support both of them. Statistics show that most of them leave the mother to support the child on their own with no financial support whatsoever. Americas inner cities -Vs.- Third World Countries At first, it might appear impossible to compare conditions in Americas inner cities with those that characterize overpopulated countries of the Third World. In both instances such factors as poverty, overcrowding and lack of educational and employment opportunities promote negative social patterns. In both the United States and Third World countries poor young males in particular are frequently forced to choose between a life of crime and competition for low-paying jobs under bad conditions. In the US, such employment in which employers can take advantage of the relatively large LOL of applicants due to the higher birthrate among the poor. In developing countries these conditions are in the process of being manufactured. Aloud (1993) notes for example that workers in poor countries usually with limited educational, skill and training tend to labor in small crowded factories with old, unsafe machinery, dangerous noise levels, and unsound buildings (p. 1 17). In these situations it is hard for anyone to work long hours in an uncomfortable environment for little pay, therefore some choose to find other ways to make money which leads to most likely making money illegally. It hurts our society whether they are distributing drugs to the young children, stealing, or doing other criminal acts. One important distinction between Third World overpopulation and conditions affecting the inner-city poor in the United States comes from the fact that in the Third World population pressures create competition for basic things such as food and land. During (1992) notes that, under circumstances of Third World poverty, dispossessed peasants slash and burn their way into Latin American rain forests and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African range land, reducing it to desert (p. 10). In the US, in contrast, the inner city poor are under ordinary circumstances not likely to lack such necessities as food and housing because of the welfare system we have. (Such conditions are happening here but the number is so small that it is not reported and exposed like that of the Third World countries. In the inner cities of this country the underprivileged are more likely to be driven into violent competition for scarce social goods such as jobs and access to health care. While welfare will insure the maintenance of mothers and their dependent children on a bare subsistence level and the legal economy will provide a living for a large proportion of young males, employers will still be assured of enough applicants competing for scarce jobs to offer work at minimum wage and without benefits. Fifth inner-city youth population was to decline as a result of family planning among the poor, this source of unskilled labor would dry up and employers would have to offer more to attract a work force. Similarly, in areas such as education and health care, the increased numbers of the poor has led not to empowerment but to its opposite for irregular amounts of public and private money are spent on tenting the educational and health care needs of the more wealthy. The environment effects social problems and its population A possible reason as to why we are facing such a big population growth could be the environment the adult population grew up in or the environment we are growing up in. Thus, even though birth rates among more prosperous American have been dropping steadily, the relatively high fertility rates of poor single mothers have been responsible for the replication of Third World conditions in our inner cities. Bobsled (1991) observes this: The flight of the middle classblack and whitefrom the inner city has left a population that is overwhelmingly black and poor, devoid of healthy businesses, strong schools or other institutions that contributed to stability in the past. The concentration of poverty means that children grow up with little exposure to steadily employed adults making it easy for them to see unemployment as way of life (p. 139). According to this statement, Voyaged believes the environment you grow up in affects your future. I believe this is very true, because for example my parents work very hard for their money by working seven days a week and I am happy for them and believe everything they have they deserve because hey earned it and they treat my brother, sister and myself very well. Besides taking care of us and buying us cars, clothes, food, and shelter, they also take the time to tell us right from wrong and how to deal with things in different situations. Feel that I could tell my parents anything whether good or bad and they might get mad, but they always take the time to talk about it and show me how to deal with the problem. I have a relationship that feel none of my friends have with their parents. Getting back to the point of following your parents as role models, affecting how you turn out, I believe this is very rue. For example, everything my parents have given me I hope to be able to give my children in the future and more if possible. I hope to have a similar relationship with my children and hope my children appreciate it as much as I do. Perhaps equally important, Haven (1995) observes along the same lines, private standards have also changed for the worse. Family values, judgments about individual responsibility, perceptions of appropriate personal behavior and appearance and expectations of the good will of neighbors have all eroded (p. 147). As has already been suggested, some ay find it is difficult to accept the view that social problems such as these are a consequence of overpopulation where the united States is concerned that the fertility rates of Americans has declined to the point where as much as one-third of the relatively modest population increase this country has been experiencing annually is believed to be the result of increase immigration (Amenorrhea, 1994 p. 67). Even though overall population increases in this country have been modest a very large proportion of births happen to a relatively small part of the CSS populationthe inner-city poor. Fertility rates among this population section are approaching Third-World proportions, not because the poor necessarily have large families, although in some instances they do, but the proportion of women electing to have even one or two children is far higher among this group than among the more prosperous. Interview with Social Worker interviewed a social worker that works with foster kids. I chose to interview a social worker because she works with kids who most of the time comes from poverty and broken homes which are two important aspects of life. These kids often get used to the foster parents if they are living with them from hen they are young but if they are put into the home at a later age it is harder to adjust to the new environment. She couldnt tell me as much as wanted to she did answer some questions that interested and helped me. She told me that she makes monthly visits to the foster home and she must also spend time with the children and based upon that she decides whether or not the parents are doing a good job of raising the children and if the children are happy. I asked her how would you compare your childhood to the childhood of a foster child? Her answer was that every child sees a efferent environment and as long as the love is there, there is always a good future ahead and sometimes it is not always the parents blame. I also asked her opinion of the topic of my paper and if she thinks overpopulation is the main reason for social problems. She said that social problems are caused by many factors not just one and from her experience that in inner city areas where the population is higher there seem to be more problems that exist compared to an urban neighborhood where the population is lower. Conclusion In Conclusion social problems will always exist because social problems change as time changes. We often tend to overlook what we call necessities others call luxuries.

Raymond Williams and His Contribution to the Study of Culture Essay

Raymond Williams and His Contribution to the Study of Culture - Essay Example The essay "Raymond Williams and His Contribution to the Study of Culture" discusses the brief introduction and historical background of the development of cultural studies; theories and theorists advocating the cultural materialist approach; Raymond Williams on cultural studies and cultural materialism and the relevance of cultural materialism in current context. The explanation of cultural materialism is grounded on the theoretical fundamentals of leftist culturalism and Marxist analysis. Williams views culture as a productive process. In accordance with the Marxist theoretical framework, cultural materialism is an elaboration of historical materialism - a way of understanding the diverse social and material production of the works of art. For Williams, culture is located within flexible but identifiable boundaries. The idea of culture with boundaries is problematic and a complicated issue in the age of globalization. Williams theory of cultural materialism describes the relationshi ps between culture and society. Culture is denoted, according to Williams, as a whole way of life material, intellectual and spiritual. This definition is relevant even in today’s globalization period to understand the complicated patterns of diversified cultural relationships. The various perspectives of ‘common culture’ in Williams’ theory include social relations at work, organized politics, public entertainments. The new modes of communicative production in today’s cultures are the technological advancements.

Fallacy Spotting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fallacy Spotting - Assignment Example Essentially, this is a straw man argument; due to the fact that a given television show was only ever a recent reproduction and historical interpretation of fictional events – not a documentary record of the way in which individuals segued into adulthood and portended themselves. Likewise, the article itself is also indicative of what is known as a â€Å"false dilemma†. Essentially, numerous other indications why the current generation might be exhibited certain signs of â€Å"immaturity† has to do with the fact that extremely difficult economic times have acquired individuals to move in with their parents, provided them with relatively few opportunities, and restricted the level of maturity that might have otherwise developed. As such, the dilemma that has been represented is one that is seemingly of choice; namely that the adults of the current generation do not wish to be adults. However, the fact of the matter is that the adult the current generation oftentim es constrained by very real economic realities that define nearly each and every aspect of the way in which they live their

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Change Management - Essay Example Qatar Airways seeks to increase Qatar Airway’s profit through the initiation of changes and practising effective leadership. It has the most identifiable brands globally with over 80% of the present market share in the aviation industry (O’Connell, 2011). It also offers quality training to its employees globally. In analysing the Qatar Airways, the primary focus will be on McKinsey’s 7S model. The 7S are structure, strategy, style, shared values, system, skills and staff. A strategy is a plan developed to build and sustain competitive advantage. The structure of a firm determines the efficiency in communication. An organisation’s system is the daily activities that members of staff undertake (Rahul & Kainth, 2014). Shared values are the core values of a company present in the general work ethics and corporate culture. The leadership style adopted plus the employees with their general capabilities make up style and staff. Workers’ skills that a company possesses to keep it successful also forms the most crucial part of McKinsey’s 7S model analysis (Kedia & Lahiri, 2007). The model works on the basis of the theory that the seven elements must be united and mutually supporting to realise positive performance in the firm. It can also be used to assist in identifying wh at should be realigned to increase performance. As a strategy, Qatar Airways uses its achievement as the â€Å"Airline of the Year† to advertise itself to the travelers all over the world. It received this title after the voting that took place at the respected Skytrax industry audit (Kedia & Lahiri, 2007). Qatar Airways Inc. has a complex structure. The airline presently operates 110 aircraft and has over 250 aircraft on order.

Why Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Why Philosophy Essay This paper is about the six questions in Philosophy I gave my reasons and belief’s one why I feel a certain way on each of the questions and after reading I hope you have a better take on Why Philosophy 1. Metaphysics: what is real? Well a lot of people would say that real is anything that could be touched, seen, smelled, or tasted using one of the five senses. But as a Christian I have to disagree I believe that you have to have faith in the fact that something’s are real weather or not you can sense them with the five senses. Take heaven and hell I believe that these are very real tangible places although I never seen touch smelled or tasted either one. So how do I know it is real well faith. I have never been to the Grand Canyon but I know that it is real with that being said how we know that heaven and hell is not real. 2. Epistemology: what is the relationship between faith and reason? Reason is to believe what can be proven math and science laws of gravity and physics nothing left to the imagination if you have reason then there is no need for faith. Whereas faith is the belief in things unseen there is a lot of issue with these two and the fact that if you’re a person of reason there is no room for faith the problem with that is that science does not explain everything so there has to be room for faith I without faith life is useless and you don’t have anything to live for. 3. Ethics: Is morality culturally based individually based or is there a universal morality? I have to say that this was a tough one to answer because really the answer is all three. Culturally based morality is learned through the interactions with the people with in your culture usually starting with the parent or guardian. There is also church or the village chieftain. Then there is the individual morality this take place after you been taught and raised and then you choose what to become or what your moral code will be will you protect your fellow man or will you choose to laws of the street. You then have the most unique morality term and that is the universal morality I call this unique because it is not chosen or learn or gained through life experiences it is automatically instilled in all people. Right and wrong which universal to all the most primitive civilizations understand that it wrong to steal or to murder without ever being taught even criminals know this is wrong they choose to do the wrong and willing to except that the consequences. 4. Aesthetic: is beauty truly in the eye of the beholder, or are there some things that all cultures find beautiful? Yes Beauty is in the eye of the beholder everyone one has there on mind when it comes to what is beautiful and what is not some like roses some tulips and so own this is evident in the people we choose to marry. If everyone agreed on what was beautiful then everyone would look the same or strive to be the same people find different things that they find to beautiful. That is not to say that there are things that a culture find beautiful. Let’s take our culture for example people believe that thin woman is what the population of men find beautiful so companies use this fact to exploit that beauty putting them on TVs and billboards. 5. Political Philosophy: How much power should the government have? The government should have a minimal impact on our lives. It is not supposed to bail out private businesses increasing the national debt. The government is not supposed to control the populace it is the populace that control the government. It is not the job of the government to make the decisions for the people. That is the problem with the government today they have too much power. 6. Social Philosophy: How should humans behave in a society? Humans in most cases depend on society to live and in order to function in a society there are certain rules that apply one being laws. Also respect for the others in that particular society. Freedom of speech and some other rights are lessened due to the infringement of other people’s rights. The rules are followed because of the convenience of living in a society. Such as supper markets gas station and things like these. Now if one was to live in the wilderness most of these rules would not apply for there would be no one’s rights to intrude on allowing them to do as they please but some rights have to be given up for the sake of the better good in a society.